Love...Love

  "Every time I think of you, "A"
      I feel the intensity of lovin' you
     like you could never imagine.
       What I want more than anything
          Is to hold you in my arms  
           And tell you how much I love you 
             And how much I want you in my life.
                       please... 
         Don't ever doubt my love for you,
              Because It is as real today
                    As it was the day
           We first began to share a love." 

This is the poem of "The great William Shakespeare". I was reading his poems and then start thinking that is it really love as he explained in this poem. 
Ooohhh! sorry
Hey!good morning everyone, today I took a really interesting topic. yeaahhhhhh,
Good if you guessed it but if you not then it's okay. 
Today I'm gonna talk about "Love". look! I'm the girl who confused that is love really exist in the world or not? bcoz I believe in science, so according to me" you see anyone and some Hormoeaction happen in the body and that's y you feel to attract with them.
Anyway...
So I talked to the dozen of people and asked What is love? Surprisedly I found more than dozen definitions of love ☺☺. some people said that "The love is care, sacrifice, to die for someone is also called love ". And half-dozen people believe in "love at first sight".haha eventually my one of the buddy said," Emotional attachments is love". 
well moving on, these days if two people are talking about love what comes first in their mind "A girl or A boy meet together and sudden fall in love" haha as I wrote above in the lines, but apart from this rubbish thing, there is an example of a relationship, it can beautifully explain love which is called "mother-child love". yeah!
look! when you were a kid without saying anything only she(mother) could understand what you wanted? Remember that day when you were upset she tried all possible things which could make you happy/laugh. it is called "love".If she is strict, extra protected if she doesn't want to take risks, it just about your security, it just about your safety not that means she doesn't want you live your life with your own perspectives, ofcourse she wants but " kya kre akhirkar maa hai, chinta to lagi hi rhti hai bachoo ki".

alri8, moving on another side and see what's wrong with this new generation they are playing a game of love. they quickly decide that they're in love and say to him/her in minutes. I mean like how quick they are? I think they all grew up seeing "The Fifty shade of Gray" series. They are finding their love like they are buying chairs, sit on the first chair and then on second and third and go on and on in this sequence.

By the way, I'm truly a fan of Shahrukh Khan so obviously I like the way as he defines love in his style and he seems dashing to me and especially his forehead kiss❤.ohh! that kills me. Ops sorry just kidding...leave it
If anyone starts talking about love it can't finish to take up their name like "Heer-Ranjha, Romie-Juliet, Laila-majnu, Manu-Priya" and blah, blah. there are many lovers who die for their love as they did for their love. In that manner, I don't feel so it happened that they did end their lives for their love maybe they were dead for another reason and everyone was just covered it hahahahahah...
I remember a song which is from I think Laila-majnu " koi pathar se na mare mere deewane ko" this song seems very realistic but I don't know why this song sounds funny for me and always makes me laugh. 
eventually! I got everyone has own definition somewhere, which is related to their ages.
e.g:- for the 61-year-old uncle, he thinks that "lovistoric" was real.
35-year-old aunt, she thinks love is care, adjustment blah, blah.
26- 28-year-old, they think that somewhere, someone made for each other in the world so someday they'll definitely meet each other.
and our age people like 20 or 21-year-old, they don't believe in this type of such things. they feel it doesn't exist for them and nothing is in the world except study. 
Don't talk about teenage love coz they think a charming boy who is sitting on the horse and coming over there. and it sounds like kidd.. bidd...Kidd.. bidd..Kidd..bidd(horse running sound)
hahaha...
Well! Finally, I found or you can say that I discovered an equation of love. and it is also known as "Lovequation"
"Emotional attachments + Hormonal reactions = Love"
please, guyzz don't laugh at me☺... I'm prettrious about it.
If you have a suggestion please comment below and Z wala plzzz share and follow it.
love...love❤❤❤
asthanigam97@gmail.com
#thrusday
#9/05/18
12:25

some newly coined word:-
1)lovistoric:- love history
2)prettrious:- pretty serious
3)Hormoeaction:- hormonal reaction
4)lovequation:- love equation

A Question

Hey! I'm here again and I have a question for you all. Try to figure it out and Answer me. okay, so here I go! I  read some holy books like #RAMAYAN, #GEETA, #BHAGWAT GEETA, some chapters from #QURAN too. And I hear out a lot of #ATHARAV VEDA. I know it sounds funny but literally. definitely, you will be thinkin' that I'm just 21 years-old and how am I talking about  Ramayan, Geeta, Bhagwat Geeta, Quran, Bible e.t.c. Actually, everyone has lots of time to waste so I waste my time here. hi ha ha ha(laughing in the style of Ravan)*.

Everyone considers that In every holy book whatever has been written that what will happen in future? what will happen in upcoming time? I mean in Calyug. So My question is how they knew? how they guessed? how they wrote? that after 5 thousand years what will happen? that the means whatever is happening these days that already happened in those days. I mean they were a writer (Tulsidas, Balmiki, Richard Adams, Muhammad). According to me, writers write whatever is goin' in front of them or an imaginary story you know like ( mann ki upaj). So basically, according to holy books when victimization increased with women then god came to the Earth to save them in some another form or eidolon. So that the mean is again god will come to the Earth to save us but when?. Because I think it's hike of victimization or beyond torture. then what we should do now? we should wait for him or should fight from tyranny.
what we should suppose to do?"If we believe whatever writers wrote in the holy books then that means god will definitely come and will extricate all stuff but what if he didn't even come then whatever writers wrote it just an imaginary story nothing else then we believe on holy books and god too ". Agree?????

 I know, it seems that I screwed up or crazy something. it's okay☺☺☺☺✌
Please answer me in my ✉comment box or if you'll think that you're not able to find out the answer then say to me clearly again in my comment box. I'll try to find out the exact answer of that question then tell you in next week on the same day, same time⌚, and the same blog. 
tune on and share it as much as you can. 
thank you☺❤
#asthanigam97@gmail.com

Asifa

                                 ⇜JusticeForAsifa⇝

#Asifa now, what was the mistake of her that she was cute, beautiful little 8 old year girl. alas yeah! sorry, she was tried to seduce them to wear a short frok, maybe she gave a line to them that she was interested. I just don't get it what type of India it is? These type of sensitive cases needs to do protist for justice literally, I mean the #fukin'police department what are they doing, what are they Lukin for still? have they eaten all #shame #law, #rule, #humanity? 

Mr. #NarendraModi this type of animalism we can't tolerate anymore. you need to figure it out as fast as you can. because this is not a question of the only her, this is the question of our #freedom #ourSecuritySystem. what kind of freedom is it? whereas actual no one is free, no one is able to enjoy yourself. whether it 24-year-old girl or 80 years old woman. whether it 54-year-old woman or 8-year old Asifa. 

Look! I know you are continuous trying to make developed India. and I really appreciate it. But before that, you have to improve basic things like #strictLaw, #StrictSecuritySystem, #MakeScaredness for those who think to commit a crime. 

coz today is Asif, tomorrow will someone else and this series will go on and on. 

#MehboobaMufti kindly requests to you, we couldn't save her life but remorsely At least give her justice. (criminals)give them a punishment in front of everyone, hanged them publicly.

Eventually, I just wanna say that to you all, actually, It's warning sudhar jao otherwise "when durga mata(women) will wake up that the day will be the last day of all #mahisasur, #bkasur, #tarkasur and blah ,blah,blah."

#justiceforAsifa

#punishmentForAnimalism

#workonSecurity

Mensuration cycle/ Periods...

Hey there! look as I told u or tried to realize you all, that we all are engaged in own circumstances to maintain each and everything, our center of attraction is that how can we fulfill our desires? whether it be about money or needs. But Somewhere we forget that whatever we all are doin' for our next generation.And Actually Are they happy?, Are they enjoying their lives? it's our amenability to know about them.
                   Especially 11 to 16 years old girls? because these girls are suffering from big changement in their body. they started having periods or mensuration cycle.The biggest problem is that even they don't know sudden what's happening with them.And when they tell everything about it to their Mother or Aunt, then as a result wot they got? they got disappointment instead of Answer or solution. Because their Mother or Aunt tell them how to hide instead of making them understand.Some of the girls die bcoz lackness of knowledge, they think it's a disease, they are goin' to die, blah blah blah e.t.c.
        So I'm here and this message is goin' to dedicated to those newly parents, those already have kids, or most important who think that they are a responsible person. go ahead and tell them(girls) that "it's a beautiful gift u have from God. Initially, you'll feel a little bit uncomfortable but when once you're used to it then no one will be stronger more than you".
                                                                                                              A sweet message to girls from my side " who think that why they are a girl, why they're having periods, oh! gosh, we should've been the boy. never think like that even in your dreams this is such an idiotic/silly thing. coz you got the blessing from God, you got a special power to can be a mother which is next to impossible for boys". so basically I just wanna realize that you are alike #supergirl so never let down yourself in front of anyone.

 6 Most Important things always should remember while during Periods/Mensuration.

1) Properly take care of yourself.

2) Should be aware of hygiene during periods.

3) Proper use of pads/mensurationalcups/tampons during periods in the correct way.

4)Always carry your period kit with yourself.

5)In case of emergency, you can take painkiller pill for mensurational crumps.

6)In some serious cases, without any waste of time go straight to Gynecologist.

Please break down all thought which comes from orthodoxy 

Please kindly request to all my well-wishers if u really wanna do something well so help to remove or dislodge this type of stupid and silly f**kin' things.Stop ruining a life of girls to make maintain the cottage things, which is like a nothing.

1)- Don't touch the pickle.

2)- Don't go to the temple.

3)Hide it that you are having periods.don't talk about it.
4)Stay away from the kitchen.
and #yeh-woh, #falana-dhimkana etc.

End of the message an advice for a well-wisher go get a beautiful life & try to make it easy things for others and for an orthodoxies try to change your thoughts & it may bring happiness to you as well as for others.
            #thankyou
             #asthanigam97@gmail.com
             #2:15 am

Satyamev Jayate Season 2 | Episode 1 | Fighting Rape | Full episode (Eng...

Hey there! On the juncture of women's day, Abruptly everyone'll start clicking portrait with their mother, sister, even with their colleagues. some of the places they'll solemnize women's day and which is spanking but Do you know or even have any idea when we'll all busy to take a portrait and being Solomonie that time somewhere a woman is suffering or abusing by someone. Whether it be Domestic violence, rape, harassment or dowry violence. Definitely, it's shocking 848 women are harassed, raped or killed every day. Now think wot it means to solemnize a women's day while you all are used to promulgate as you are doing. e.g:- here you'll solemnize women's day with their colleague
on the other side in his home, you'll bludgeon to your wife. Literally.......
End of the message I would like to say that I can't make u expostulate but I can help u, to How you can change the way to see everything (all along the line). If u really wanna solemnize this day then try to understand the power of #equality, the power of b/w men-women relationships, whether it be brother-sister or husband-wife.
Give them (women) a chance to fly as like birds not as like kites(coz when the kite flies without kite thread it doesn't have any an idea that where it's destination) but birds know very well where to go. that's it.

#waiting_till_what_time

Satyamev Jayate Season 3 | Episode 5 | Nurturing Mental Health | Full ep...

hey guys! Look, we all are busy in own circumstances, all are running to be a success, basically, all are continuously try to finding happiness but wot we get as a result melancholy, disappointment, green-eyed.

but somewhere we forget that wots happening around us, some guys go down, all of sudden somebody become so secretive or deathlike, stressed, depressed. for those just and talk to them that what's wrong with u like it.

Coz they really need some1 who just listen to them. they can be ur colleague, relative, even ur friend who always be next to u but sudden it makes a line b/w u and himself. A little bit canniness can save others life which very precious for u as well as for others.

According to me, communication can solve every type of problems. that's it

How many cells are present in the body in an adult person?

A simple question deserves a simple answer. How many cells are in your body?

Unfortunately, your cells can’t fill out census forms, so they can’t tell you themselves. And while it’s easy enough to look through a microscope and count off certain types of cells, this method isn’t practical either. Some types of cells are easy to spot, while others–such as tangled neurons–weave themselves up into obscurity. Even if you could count ten cells each second, it would take you tens of thousands of years to finish counting. Plus, there would be certain logistical problems you’d encounter along the way to counter all the cells in your body–for example, chopping your own body up into tiny patches for microscopic viewing.

For now, the best we can hope for is a study published recently in Annals of Human Biology, entitled, with admirable clarity, “An Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body.”

The authors–a team of scientists from Italy, Greece, and Spain–admit that they’re hardly the first people to tackle this question. They looked back over scientific journals and books from the past couple centuries and found many estimates. But those estimates sprawled over a huge range, from 5 billion to 200 million trillion cells. And practically none of the scientists who offered those numbers provided an explanation for how they came up with them. Clearly, this is a subject ripe for research.

If scientists can’t count all the cells in a human body, how can they estimate it? The mean weight of a cell is 1 nanogram. For an adult man weighing 70 kilograms, simple arithmetic would lead us to conclude that that man has 70 trillion cells.

On the other hand, it’s also possible to do this calculation based on the volume of cells. The mean volume of a mammal cell is estimated to be 4 billionths of a cubic centimeter. (To get a sense of that size, check out The Scale of the Universe.) Based on an adult man’s typical volume, you might conclude that the human body contains 15 trillion cells.

So if you pick volume or weight, you get drastically different numbers. Making matters worse, our bodies are not packed with cells in a uniform way, like a jar full of jellybeans. Cells come in different sizes, and they grow in different densities. Look at a beaker of blood, for example, and you’ll find that the red blood cells are packed tight. If you used their density to estimate the cells in a human body, you’d come to a staggering 724 trillion cells. Skin cells, on the other hand, are so sparse that they’d give you a paltry estimate of 35 billion cells.

So the author of the new paper set out to estimate the number of cells in the body the hard way, breaking it down into organs and cell types. (They didn’t try counting up all the microbes that also call our body home, sticking only to human cells.) They’ve scoured the scientific literature for details on the volume and density of cells in gallbladders, knee joints, intestines, bone marrow, and many other tissues. They then came up with estimates for the total number of each kind of cell. They estimate, for example, that we have 50 billion fat cells and 2 billion heart muscle cells.

Adding up all their numbers, the scientists came up with…drumroll…37.2 trillion cells.

This is not a final number, but it’s a very good start. While it’s true that people may vary in size–and thus vary in their number of cells–adult humans don’t vary by orders of magnitude except in the movies. The scientists declare with great confidence that the common estimate of a trillion cells in the human body is wrong. But they see their estimate as an opportunity for a collaboration–perhaps through an online database assembled by many experts on many different body parts–to zero in on a better estimate.

                              Biological Classification:-

Biological classification of Plants and Animals was first proposed by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters.Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms:- Plantae and Animalia. R.H.whittaker proposed an elaborate five kingdom classification:- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were 1) Cell structure, 2) Body organization, 3) mode of nutrition, 4) Reproduction and 5) Phylogenetic relationships.

In the five-kingdom classification, bacteria are included in kingdom Monera. Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution. bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition.

Kingdom, Protista includes all single-celled Eukaryotes such as:- Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime-moulds, and Protozoans. Protista have defined Nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They reproduce asexually and sexually. 

 

Members of kingdom Fungi show a great Diversity in structure and habitat. Most fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition. They show asexual and sexual reproduction.

 Ex:- Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes as the four classes under this kingdom.

The Plantae includes all eukaryotic Chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae, Bryophytes, pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are included in this group 

The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom Animalia. The mode of nutrition of these organisms is Holozoic. The reproduce mostly by the sexual mode.

Some Acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five-kingdom system of classification

Respiratory System:-

The process of exchange of O2 from the atmosphere with Co2 produced by the cells is called Breathing, commonly known as Respiration.

The respiratory system consists of the many parts like a Nose, pharynx(throat), larynx (voice box), trachea( windpipe), Bronchi and Lungs.

The Respiratory system has the following function:- 

1) Help in gaseous exchange- intake of oxygen for delivery to body cells and elimination of carbon dioxide produced by the cells.

2)Helps to regulate blood pH.

3)Contains receptors of a sense of smell, Produced vocal sounds(phonation), and excretes the small amount of water and heat.Filter inspired air, 

Digestive System:- 

"The Breakdown of large insoluble of food molecules into the Small soluble molecules to be absorbed into the body cells".

The digestive system includes the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory digestive organs. this GI or Alimentary canal is connected from mouth to anus by a tube.Organ of GI tract includes the mouth,
esophagus tube
stomach
the small intestine
the large intestine
most of the pharynx.
The accessory digestive organs include:-
The Teeth
Tounge
Salivary Gland
Liver
Gallbladder and
Pancreas.

Functions of Digestive system:-

 1) Ingestion:- taking food into the mouth

2)Secretion:- Release of water, acid, buffers, enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract.
3)Mixing and Propulsion:- Churning and propulsion of food through the GI tract.
4)Digestion:- The Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
5)Absorption:-passage and assimilation of digested product from GI tract into the blood and lymph.
6)Defection:- The elimination of feces from the GI tract.

Digestive Activities in the GI tract

 In the mouth:- The mouth is formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palates, lips and tongue.

Function:-Secrete Saliva from Salivary glands that softens moistens, and dissolves food and cleanses mouth and teeth.Salivary amylase present in saliva splits starch into smaller fragments.

                :-secrete Lingual lipase from lingual glands.

In Pharynx:- Receives a bolus from the oral cavity and passes it into the Esophagus tube. 

In Esophagus:- Receives a bolus from the pharynx and moves it into the stomach. The requires relaxation of the upper esophagus sphincter and secretion of mucus.

In Stomach:- The stomach has main four regions:-

1) The Cardia :- the superior opening area of the stomach are called Cardia.

2) Fundus:- To the left of the Cardia and rounder portion is called Fundus.

3) Body:- Inferior area and the large central portion is called Body. 

4) pylorus:- The region of the stomach that connects with the duodenum is The Pylorus.

Function of Stomach

1):-Mixes saliva, food and gastric juice to form chyme.

2):- Secretes Gastric juice, which contains HCl ( Secretion of Parietal cells that kills bacteria and denatures protein).

Pepsin( secretion of Cheif cells that begins the digestion of proteins)

Intrinsic factor( secretion of Parietal cells and aids absorption of vitamin B12) 

Gastric lipase( aids digestion of Triglycerides)

3):-Secretes gastrin( from G cells ) into blood which stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL and Cheif cells to secrete Pepsinogen; contracts lower esophagus sphincter increases motility of the stomach and relaxes Pyloric Sphincter. 

The small intestine:-

Length 2-3 meter and in diameter 1-1.5 inches.

Regions of the small intestine include:-

1) The Duodenum:-C shape 

2) The Jejunum:- coiled shape

3) The Ileum:- Coiled shape

 

Function of the Small intestine:-

1)- Segmentation mix chyme with digestive juices and bring food into contact with the mucous for absorption; peristalsis propels chime through the small intestine.

2)- Completes the digestion of carbohydrates; proteins; and lipids; begins and completes and digestion of nucleic acids. 

3)-Absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water that pass through the digestive system.

The large intestine:-

The large intestine length 1-2 

Regions of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal.

Function of the large intestine:-

1) Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis drive the contents of the colon into the rectum.

2) Bacteria in the large intestine convert proteins to amino acids, breakdown amino acids and produce some B vitamins and vitamin k.

3)Absorbing some water, ions, and vitamins.

4) Forming feces.

5)defecating( emptying the rectum)

 

Thank you guys

#asthanigam97@gmail.com

if u have some doubt or any query then do a comment below and I'll solve it.

and please follow, comment and do #share...

#Enter-doudoroff pathway

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway is an alternative pathway that catabolizes glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway. This pathway, first reported by Michael doudoroff and Nathan Entner, occurs only in prokaryotes, mostly in gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Azotobacter, Rhizobium.

                                In the pathway, glucose phosphate is oxidized to 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconic acid (KDPG) which is cleaved by 2-keto-3-deoxyglucose-phosphate aldolase to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The latter is oxidized to pyruvate by glycolytic pathway where in two ATPs are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. 

This process yields one ATP as well as one NADH and one NADPH for every glucose molecule.

#CAM_Pathway

CAM pathway:-

Crassulacean acid metabolism(CAM) is a photosynthetic adaption in succulent (juicy and tasty) plants. Succulent plants, also known as Fat Plants, are xerophytic plants to arid climates or soil conditions. Succulent plants store water in their leaves and stems.The storage of water often gives succulent plants a swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as Succulence. The best-known Succulents are Cacti. these plants open their stomata during the night and close them stomata during the day. Closing stomata during the day helps succulent plants conserve water, and also prevents the Co2 from entering the leaves. During the night, when their stomata are open, these plants take up Co2. Assimilation of Co2 occurs into Malic acid at night which is stored in the vacuole. This mode of carbon fixation is called CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism). 

During the daytime, when the light rxn can supply ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle, Co2 is released from the malate for fixation through the Calvin cycle. This cycle differs from the C4 cycle. In C4 plants, the formation of the malic acids in the mesophyll is spatially separated from the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath. In CAM plants, the two steps occur at separate times, but within the same cell.

Mechanism of CAM Pathway

In CAM pathway, formation of the C4 acids is temporally separated. This mech^ is following some steps which are given below:-

1)- At night, Co2 is captured by PEP carboxylase in the cytosol of mesophyll cell and PEP is carboxylated to oxaloacetate.

2)- The oxaloacetate is reduced to malate which is finally stored in the vacuole.Reduction of oxaloacetate is catalyzed by enzyme NAD+-malate dehydrogenase. 

3)- During the day, the stored malate transported back into the cytosol, where it is decarboxylated by an NADP+-malic enzyme. 

4)- The Co2 just released enters the chloroplast where it is fixed by the Calvin cycle.

"The adaptive advantage of CAM is the reduction of water loss by transpiration, achieved by the stomatal opening during the night".
#pathfinder 
#Asthanigam
#heplerblog
#tuneitfasthere
asthanigam97@gmail.com 
If u have any doubt or a query just comment below. I'll try solve it .
10q(thnku)

  

Chilling pictures from the early 1900s are the first crime scene photos ever… showing grisly murders as victims lie splayed in trashed rooms with blood ...

C4 Cycle...

There are many photosynthetic cycles but The most important of these photosynthetic adaptations are C4 photosynthetic carbon cycle.(C4 cycle, named because initial CO2 fixation is four carbon acid) 

The C4 cycle was discovered by Hatch and slack in Australia in 1966, so it's sometimes called      The Hatch and Slack Pathway.

The C4 cycle concentrates Co2 at the site of carboxylation, keeping the Co2 conc^ high enough for RuBisCo to bind carbon dioxide rather than oxygen. In this way, C4 cycle has evolved to minimize photorespiration. Plants that have a C4 cycle are called C4 plants. C4 plants include both monocots and dicots, Ex:- the C4 cycle is particularly prominent in Gramineae ( corn, sugarcane), Chenopodiaceae(Atriplex), Cyperaceae( sedges) family. In C4 plants, there are two distinct types of photosynthetic cells:-

1- Bundle sheath cells

2- mesophyll cells

In bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells, the basic C4 cycle completes in four stages:-

i)- Fixation of Co2 by the carboxylation of PEP(phosphoenolpyruvate) in the mesophyll cells to form a c4 acid ( malate and/or aspartate ).

ii)-Transport of the C4 acids (malate and aspartate) to the bundle sheath cells.

iii)-Decarboxylation of the C4 acids within the bundle sheath cells and generation of Co2, which enters in the C3 cycle.( there are three different types of C4 cycles based on the enzyme which is employed to decarboxylate C4 acids in the bundle sheath.these are NADP+-malic enzyme type, NAD+-malic enzyme type, and PEP carboxykinase type)

iv)- Transport of the C3 acid(pyruvate or alanine) that is formed by the decarboxylation step back to the mesophyll cell.

  

Mechanism of C4 cycle

In the first step, PEP is carboxylated to the C4 acid such as malate and this is the first product of photosynthesis, In contrast to 3-phosphoglycerate in C3 plants. C4 acids are formed in the mesophyll cells and are then transferred, by diffusion, to the bundle sheath, where they are decarboxylated.This generates a high conc^ of Co2 within the bundle sheath.RuBisCo and the majority of the enzymes of the Calvin cycle are confined to the bundle sheath. The co2 conc^ in the bundle sheath is sufficient to suppress the oxygenase activity of RuBisCo.The co2 released is fixed by RuBisCo and converted to Triose phosphate by the Calvin cycle. A C3 compound such as pyruvate returns to the mesophyll cells from the bundle sheath. In mesophyll cells, pyruvate is converted into PEP. This step is ATP dependent. 

 C4 cycle is, therefore, an ATP-driven Co2 enrichment cycle. The cost of concentrating co2 within the bundle sheath cell is 2 ATP per CO2. Thus total energy requirement for fixing CO2 by the combined C4 and Calvin cycle in five ATP( 2 ATP for co2 enrichment and 3 ATP for co2 fixation)

and plus two NADPH per co2 fixed.

In this way, C4 photosynthesis minimizes photorespiration and enhances carbohydrate production.

#Disease

 The corneal pathology depicted by herpes keratitis.(dendritic keratitis) .

#delhidarbar

Awesome